Suicidio en adolescentes y jóvenes en Chile: riesgos relativos, tendencias y desigualdades / Suicide in adolescents and young adults in Chile: relative risks, trends, and inequalities / Suicídio em adolescentes e jovens no Chile: riscos relativos, tendências e desigualdades

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir cuantitativamente el riesgo relativo, la tendencia y la desigualdad geográfica del suicidio en adolescentes y jóvenes entre las regiones de Chile, en el periodo 2000 al 2017. Método. Estudio ecológico poblacional a partir de los registros de defunciones por suicidio. Se estimaron tasas de mortalidad y riesgos relativos (RR) de suicidio por sexo, edad y región. Se estudió la tendencia y desigualdad geográfica del suicidio entre las regiones de Chile; medidas absolutas y relativas de desigualdades geográficas fueron estimadas. Resultados. Entre 2000 y 2017 se registraron 6 292 suicidios en adolescentes y jóvenes en Chile. Las tasas promedio de mortalidad por suicidio en Chile fueron de 8,5; 5,4 y 14.7 por 100 000 en los grupos 10-24, 10-19 y 20-24 años, respectivamente, en el periodo 2000-2017. Las tasas más altas de mortalidad por suicidio se encontraron en las regiones de Aisén, Los Lagos, Magallanes y Los Ríos. El riesgo más alto de suicidio se estimó en los hombres (RR=3,5), los jóvenes (RR=2,7) y en la región de Aisén (RR=2,0). La tasa promedio nacional en el grupo 10-24 años se mantuvo en 8,5 por 100 000 en los periodos 2000-2008 y 2009-2017. La mayor desigualdad geográfica se encontró en hombres de 20-24 años en el periodo 2000-2008. Conclusiones. El suicidio en jóvenes y adolescentes de Chile se ha mantenido sin mayores cambios en el periodo de estudio. Los hombres tienen un mayor riesgo de suicidio que las mujeres. Existen desigualdades geográficas entre las regiones de Chile en el suicidio y son más elevadas en hombres de 20 a 24 años. Se recomienda evaluar y fortalecer los programas de prevención del suicidio en los adolescentes y jóvenes, en especial en las regiones y los grupos poblacionales específicos en situación de mayor vulnerabilidad.

ABSTRACT Objective. Quantitatively describe relative risk, trends, and geographical inequalities in suicide in adolescents and young adults in regions of Chile, from 2000 to 2017. Methodology. Ecological population study based on records of death by suicide. Suicide death rates and relative risk (RR) were estimated, by sex, age, and region. Trends and geographical inequalities in suicide in regions of Chile were studied; absolute and relative measures of geographical inequalities were estimated. Results. Between 2000 and 2017, there were 6,292 suicides in adolescents and young adults in Chile. The average rates of death by suicide in Chile were 8.5, 5.4, and 14.7 per 100,000 in the 10-24, 10-19, and 20-24-year age groups, respectively, in the period 2000-2017. The highest suicide death rates were found in the Aisén, Los Lagos, Magellan and Los Ríos regions. The highest risk of suicide was estimated in men (RR = 3.5), young adults (RR = 2.7), and the Aisén region (RR = 2.0). The national average rate in the 10-24 age group remained at 8.5 per 100,000 in the periods 2000-2008 and 2009-2017. The greatest geographical inequality was found in men 20-24 years old in the period 2000-2008. Conclusions. Suicide in young adults and adolescents in Chile remained unchanged in the study period. Men have a higher risk of suicide than women. There are geographical inequalities in suicide between Chile's regions and they are highest in men between ages 20 and 24. It is recommended to evaluate and strengthen suicide prevention programs in adolescents and young adults, especially in the most vulnerable regions and population groups.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever quantitativamente o risco relativo, tendência e desigualdades geográficas do suicídio em adolescentes e jovens nas diferentes regiões do Chile no período entre 2000 e 2017. Método. Estudo ecológico populacional a partir de registros de mortes por suicídio. As taxas de mortalidade e riscos relativos (RR) de suicídio foram estimados por sexo, idade e região. A tendência e desigualdades geográficas do suicídio foram analisadas por região com o cálculo das medidas absolutas e relativas das desigualdades geográficas. Resultados. No período entre 2000 e 2017, foram registrados 6.292 suicídios em adolescentes e jovens no Chile. As taxas médias de mortalidade por suicídio no país foram de 8,5, 5,4 e 14,7 por 100.000 habitantes nas faixas etárias de 10-24, 10-19 e 20-24 anos, respectivamente. As taxas de mortalidade por suicídio foram maiores nas regiões de Aisén, Los Lagos, Magallanes e Los Ríos. O risco de suicídio foi maior no sexo masculino (RR = 3,5), em jovens (RR = 2,7) e na região de Aisén (RR = 2,0). A taxa média nacional na faixa etária entre 10 e 24 anos se manteve em 8,5 por 100.000 nos períodos de 2000 a 2008 e de 2009 a 2017. A maior desigualdade geográfica foi vista em homens entre 20 e 24 anos no período de 2000 a 2008. Conclusão. As taxas de suicídio em adolescentes e jovens do Chile se manteve relativamente estável no período estudado. Indivíduos do sexo masculino têm maior risco de suicídio. Existem desigualdades geográficas entre as regiões do país e as taxas de suicídio são mais elevadas em homens jovens entre 20 e 24 anos. Recomenda-se avaliar e reforçar os programas de prevenção de suicídio em adolescentes e jovens, sobretudo nas regiões e nos grupos populacionais em situação de maior vulnerabilidade.

Revisión sistemática de literatura sobre suicidio: factores de riesgo y protectores en jóvenes latinoamericanos 1995-2017 / A Systematic Literature Review on Suicide: Risk and Protection Factors in Latin American Youth 1995-2017

Resumen.Objetivo. Conocer el estado de la investigación sobre los factores protectores y de riesgo de suicidio en jóvenes en varios países de América Latina. Método. El estudio se ha realizado mediante una revisión sistemática de literatura y con un enfoque cualitativo. Resultados. La mayor parte de los estudios analizados para este artículo se han realizado desde ciencias de la salud con predominio de enfoques cuantitativos, avocándose principalmente en factores de riesgo y en menor medida en factores protectores. No obstante, se reconoce la necesidad de estudiar más a fondo estos últimos, así como las medidas de prevención que puedan ser útiles en intervenciones e investigaciones futuras. Por otro lado, se ha encontrado que la familia como primer espacio de interacción social, representa un elemento determinante tanto en el desarrollo de factores protectores como de riesgo en jóvenes. Además, se destaca que para esta población la combinación de diferentes factores de riesgo podría agravar considerablemente la ocurrencia de un intento o consumación de suicidio.

Abstract.Objective. To determine the state of research on protective and risk factors of suicide in young people in several Latin American countries. Method. The study was conducted following a Systematic Literature Review with a qualitative approach. Results. Most studies analyzed for this article have been conducted from within the health sciences with a predominance of quantitative approaches, focusing mainly on risk factors and, to a lesser extent, on protective factors. However, there is a need to study the latter in greater depth, as well as prevention measures that may be useful in future interventions and research. In addition, it has been found that the family, as the first space of social interaction, represents a determining element in the development of both protective and risk factors in young people. Furthermore, for this population, the combination of different risk factors could considerably aggravate the occurrence of a suicide attempt or consummation.

Geografías del suicidio en Argentina: un estudio ecológico espacial durante los períodos 1999-2003 y 2008-2012 / Geographies of suicide in Argentina: a spatial ecological study during 1999-2003 and 2008-2012 periods

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la distribución geográfica y el rol de factores sociodemográficos sobre la mortalidad por suicidios, de acuerdo con sexo y grupos de edad en Argentina durante los períodos 1999-2003 y 2008-2012. Método El rol de factores sociodemográficos sobre la mortalidad por suicidios y su distribución geográfica fueron analizados mediante regresiones múltiples espaciales. Se incluyeron tres variables independientes: un índice de fragmentación social, un índice de pobreza y la densidad poblacional como indicador del nivel de ruralidad. Resultados La fragmentación social y el suicidio estuvieron directamente relacionados en hombres de 10-59 años y mujeres de 10-29 años durante 1999-2003. Durante 2008-2012 el riesgo de suicidio fue mayor en áreas de baja densidad poblacional, salvo en mujeres de 10-29 años. Conclusiones Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio apoyan la hipótesis de fragmentación social como fenómeno asociado al riesgo de suicidio en departamentos de la Argentina, pero también dan apoyo a la hipótesis de un mayor riesgo de suicidio en áreas rurales. Las medidas de prevención del suicidio podrían enfocarse en políticas que promuevan la integración social, especialmente en población joven, así como también una mayor integración de las áreas rurales con el resto del territorio.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to describe the geographical distribution and the role of sociodemographic factors on mortality by suicides, according to sex and age groups, in Argentina during the periods 1999-2003 and 2008-2012. Methods The role of sociodemographic factors on mortality by suicides and their geographical distribution were analyzed by means of multiple spatial regressions. Three independent variables were included: an index of social fragmentation, a poverty index and population density, as an indicator of the level of rurality. Results Social fragmentation and suicide were directly related in men 10-59 years old and women 10-29 years old during 1999-2003. During 2008-2012, the risk of suicide was higher in areas of low population density, except for women aged 10-29 years. Conclusions The results obtained in this study support the hypothesis of social fragmentation as a phenomenon associated with the risk of suicide in departments of Argentina, but also support the hypothesis of an increased risk of suicide in rural areas. Suicide prevention measures could focus on policies that promote social integration, especially in the young population, as well as greater cohesion of rural areas.(AU)

Análise espaço-temporal da mortalidade por suicídio no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2015 / Space-time analysis of mortality by suicide in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, in the period from 2000 to 2015

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal da mortalidade por suicídio no Rio Grande do Norte (RN) no período de 2000 a 2015. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico misto que avaliou os óbitos decorrentes de suicídio registrados no RN. A análise espacial foi realizada utilizando as taxas brutas e padronizadas. A análise univariada foi realizada através do Índice de Moran Global e Local, e a análise bivariada espacial por meio do cruzamento entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e as taxas de mortalidade. Através da Regressão Joinpoint foi possível verificar a tendência de mortalidade por suicídio. Foram registrados 2.266 óbitos por suicídio de 2000 a 2015, e a análise espacial mostrou fraca autocorrelação espacial (I < 0,3) para as Taxas de Mortalidade Padronizadas para ambos os sexos, com formação de aglomerados espaciais na Região do Seridó. A análise bivariada mostrou formação de clusters na Região do Seridó com as variáveis IDH e Envelhecimento. Além disso, foi observada uma tendência de aumento da mortalidade no sexo masculino até o ano de 2003 (APC = 15,3%; IC = 9,2-21,8), seguido de um período de estabilidade.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the space-time distribution of mortality by suicide in the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) between 2000 and 2015. This is a mixed ecological study that evaluated the deaths due to suicide registered in RN. Spatial analysis was performed using crude and standardized rates. Univariate analysis was conducted using the Moran Global and Local Index, and spatial bivariate analysis was assessed using the cross-referencing of sociodemographic variables and mortality rates. By applying Joinpoint Regression, it was possible to verify the suicide mortality trend. There were 2,266 suicide deaths from 2000 to 2015, and spatial analysis showed poor spatial autocorrelation (I <0.3) for the Standardized Mortality Rates for both sexes, with formation of spatial clusters in the Seridó Region. The bivariate analysis showed the formation of clusters in the Seridó Region with HDI and Aging variables. In addition, there was a trend of increased male mortality up to 2003 (APC = 15.3%, CI = 9.2-21.8), followed by a period of stability.

Tendência de suicídio em adolescentes brasileiros entre 1997 e 2016 / Tendencia al suicidio en adolescentes brasileños entre 1997 y 2016 / Suicide trend among Brazilian adolescents between 1997 and 2016

Objetivo: Analisar a tendência da mortalidade por suicídio em adolescentes brasileiros no período de 1997 a 2016. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais; empregou-se regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: Foram registrados 14.852 óbitos por suicídio, com taxas de mortalidade por 100 mil habitantes de 1,95 em 1997, 2,65 em 2016, e média de 2,14 no período 1997-2016; predominaram óbitos no sexo masculino (67,59%), por lesões autoprovocadas intencionalmente (84,19%), ocorridos no domicílio (52,69%); a região Centro-Oeste apresentou a maior taxa no período (3,71/100 mil hab.), com destaque para Mato Grosso do Sul (8,3/100 mil hab.); observou-se tendência de aumento de 1,35% ao ano na mortalidade por suicídio na população geral de adolescentes (IC95% 0,56;2,15), 1,63% no sexo masculino (IC95% 0,56;2,29), 3,11% na região Norte (IC95% 2,25;3,98) e 4,19% no Nordeste (IC95% 2,58;5,84). Conclusão: A mortalidade por suicídio em adolescentes brasileiros mostrou tendência ascendente no período estudado.

Objetivo: analizar la tendencia al suicidio en adolescentes brasileños de 1997 a 2016. Método: estudio ecológico de series temporales; se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: se registraron 14.852 suicidios, con tasas de mortalidad de 1,95 por 100.000 habitantes en 1997, 2,65 en 2016 y promedio de 2,14 en el período 1997-2016; las muertes predominaron en el sexo masculino (67,59%), por autolesión intencional (84,19%) y ocurridas en casa (52,69%); la región Centro-Oeste tuvo la tasa más alta en el período (3,71/100,000 habitantes), con énfasis en Mato Grosso do Sul (8,3/100,000 habitantes); hubo una tendencia de aumento del 1,35% al año de la mortalidad por suicidio en la población adolescente general (IC95% 0,56; 2,15), 1,63% en varones (IC95% 0,56; 2,29), 3,11% en la región Norte (IC95% 2,25; 3,98) y 4.19% en el Nordeste (IC95% 2,58; 5;84). Conclusión: la mortalidad por suicidio en adolescentes brasileños mostró una tendencia al alza en el período estudiado.

Objective: To analyze the suicide mortality trend among Brazilian adolescents from 1997 to 2016. Methods: This is an ecological time series study; Prais-Winsten regression was used. Results: 14,852 suicide deaths were recorded, with mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants of 1.95 in 1997, 2.65 in 2016 and average of 2.14 for the period 1997-2016; deaths predominated in males (67.59%), as well as deaths due to intentional self-harm (84.19%) and suicides at home (52.69%); the Midwest region had the highest rate in the period (3.71/100,000 inhabitants), in particular the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (8.3/100,000 inhabitants); the suicide trend rose 1.35% per annum in the general adolescent population (95%CI 0.56;2.15), 1.63% in males (95%CI 0.56;2.29), 3.11% in the North (95%CI 2.25;3.98) and 4.19% in the Northeast (95%CI 2.58;5.84). Conclusion: Suicide mortality in Brazilian adolescents showed an upward trend in the period studied.

Estudio de la carga de la mortalidad por suicidio en México 1990-2017 / Study of suicide burden of mortality in México 1990-2017

RESUMEN: Objetivo: El principal objetivo fue analizar el nivel y la tendencia de la carga de mortalidad del suicidio en México entre 1990 y 2017, a escala nacional y estatal. Métodos: Análisis secundario basado en el estudio de la Carga Global de la Enfermedad de 2017. Se reportan tasas de mortalidad y los años de vida perdidos por muerte prematura (APMP). Para analizar la tendencia de los APMP se realizó un análisis de regresión joinpoint basado en el modelo log-lineal. Resultados: La carga de la enfermedad por suicidio se incrementó en México, principalmente en hombres y mujeres jóvenes; aunque el aumento en los adultos mayores es un reto adicional para los servicios de salud. La carga de la enfermedad varía sustancialmente entre los estados del país. Las tasas de mortalidad masculinas fueron mayores a las femeninas durante todo el periodo de estudio, aunque con una tendencia a reducir la diferencia entre ambos sexos. Se observó un patrón bimodal de la carga de la enfermedad por suicidio en México, con mayores tasas en los 15-19 años de edad y un importante incremento a partir de los 85 años de edad. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto un panorama preocupante, no solo desde el punto de vista social, económico y de salud, sino también en cuanto a las necesidades en materia de políticas públicas. Esto representa una llamada de atención sobre la necesidad de implementar acciones de identificación oportuna, una estrategia integral multisectorial de prevención y el estudio detallado de los factores de riesgo asociados.

ABSTRACT: Objective: The primary goal was to analyze the level and trend of the burden of suicide mortality in Mexico between 1990 and 2017 at a national and state scale. Methods: A secondary analysis based on the 2017 global burden of disease study. Mortality rates and years of life lost due to premature death (YLL) were reported here. A joinpoint regression analysis based on a log-linear model was used to analyze the trend of YLL. Results: The burden of disease due to suicides increased in Mexico, mainly in young males and females; though the raise that happened in the elderly is an additional challenge for the health system. The burden of disease varied substantially between states. The male mortality rates were higher than those of females during the whole period under study, nonetheless with a trend to reduce the difference between the sexes. A bimodal pattern of the burden of disease due to suicide in Mexico was also observed, with the higher rates located in those aged between 15 and 19 years, and an important increase in people older than 85 years of age. Conclusion: These results show a worrisome picture, not only from a social, economic and health point of view but also from the needs of public policies. This situation represents a wake-up call about the need to implement timely identification actions, a comprehensive multisectoral prevention strategy and the detailed study of suicide associated risk factors.

Suicídio e povos indígenas brasileiros: revisão sistemática / Suicide and indigenous populations in Brazil: systematic review / El suicidio y los pueblos indígenas brasileños: revisión sistemática

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever a frequência, as características e os fatores que contribuem para o suicídio em povos indígenas brasileiros. Método. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura a partir das bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO e LILACS. Foram incluídos estudos de base populacional que enfocassem suicídio em populações indígenas no território brasileiro. Resultados. A busca identificou 111 artigos, dos quais nove preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Três estudos foram realizados na região Centro-Oeste, quatro na região Norte do Brasil e dois abordaram todas as regiões do Brasil. Três estudos citaram as etnias estudadas, totalizando sete etnias (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guarani, Guarani-Kaiowá e Guarani-Nandeva). Os estudos demonstraram maior taxa de mortalidade por suicídio em pessoas do sexo masculino, solteiros, com 4 a 11 anos de escolaridade, na faixa etária de 15 a 24 anos, no domicílio e nos finais de semana, tendo como principal método o enforcamento. Os principais fatores de risco para o suicídio foram pobreza, fatores históricos e culturais, baixos indicadores de bem estar, desintegração das famílias, vulnerabilidade social e falta de sentido de vida e futuro. Conclusões. Todos os estudos indicaram a necessidade de desenvolvimento de estratégias em conjunto com as comunidades, considerando sua cosmovisão e os aspectos sócio-histórico-culturais de cada etnia, para minimização dos fatores de risco e redução da taxa de suicídio.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe the frequency, characteristics, and factors contributing to suicide in indigenous populations in Brazil. Method. A systematic review of the literature was performed in PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO, and LILACS. All population-based studies focusing on suicide among indigenous populations in Brazil were included. Results. The search identified 111 articles, of which nine met the inclusion criteria. Three of these studies were performed in the Midwest and four in the North of Brazil, while two covered all Brazilian regions. The ethnic groups investigated were specified in three studies (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guarani, Guarani-Kaiowá, and Guarani-Nandeva). Suicide rates were highest among males, single individuals, those with 4 to 11 years of schooling, and those aged 15 to 24 years. Suicides occurred most often in the home and on weekends, mostly by hanging. The main risk factors for suicide identified in the articles were poverty, historical and cultural factors, poor wellbeing indicators, family disintegration, social vulnerability, and lack of life or future perspective. Conclusions. All the studies indicated the need to engage communities in developing strategies, considering their cosmovision and the social, historic, and cultural view of each ethnic group to minimize risk factors and reduce suicide rates.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir la frecuencia y las características del suicidio y sus factores contribuyentes en los pueblos indígenas brasileños. Método. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía a partir de las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, PsycINFO y LILACS. Se incluyeron estudios de base poblacional enfocados en el suicidio en las poblaciones indígenas en el territorio brasileño. Resultados. En la búsqueda se encontraron 111 artículos, de los cuales nueve se ciñeron a los criterios de inclusión. Se realizaron tres estudios en la región centro oeste y cuatro en la región norte, además de otros dos que abarcaron todas las regiones de Brasil. En tres estudios se citaron todas las siete etnias estudiadas (Terena, Kadiweu, Guato, Ofaie-Xavante, Guaraní, Guaraní-Kaiowá y E-Nandeva). En los estudios se demostró una mayor tasa de mortalidad por suicidio en personas solteras del sexo masculino, con 4 a 11 años de escolaridad, en el grupo de 15 a 24 años de edad, en el domicilio y en los fines de semana, principalmente por el método de ahorcamiento. Los principales factores de riesgo de suicidio fueron la pobreza, factores históricos y culturales, el índice de bienestar bajo, la desintegración de las familias, la vulnerabilidad social, y la falta de sentido de la vida y del futuro. Conclusiones. Todos los estudios indicaron la necesidad de formular estrategias junto con las comunidades, dentro del marco de su cosmovisión y de los aspectos sociales, históricos y culturales de cada etnia, con el fin de reducir al mínimo los factores de riesgo y la tasa de mortalidad por suicidio.(AU)

Austerity policies in Brazil may affect violence related outcomes / Políticas de austeridade no Brasil podem afetar os desfechos relacionados à violência

Abstract Economic crisis is often managed with austerity policies. These measures seem to burden the population disproportionately, with the poorer being more affected. This paper aims to investigate health outcomes performance after the recent Brazilian crisis and gauge whether that pattern also emerged. Public domain data from 2010 to 2017 was used, and it was found that suicide and homicide rates increased after 2014, while mortality by road traffic injuries decreased at the same time. Furthermore, these trends were exacerbated in the North and Northeast regions and in the municipalities with the poorest quintiles of Human Development Index (HDI). The austerity policies followed by the Brazilian economic crisis may have influenced the mortality trends due to external causes, with a possible stronger impact in the North and Northeast regions and among less developed municipalities.

Resumo Crises econômicas são comumente administradas com políticas de austeridade. Estas medidas atingem a população de modo desproporcional, sendo os mais pobres os mais afetados. Este artigo pretende investigar a performance dos desfechos de saúde após a crise econômica recente e avaliar se o padrão de desproporcionalidade também ocorreu no Brasil. Dados públicos de 2010 a 2017 foram utilizados e encontramos que suicídios e taxas de homicídios aumentaram depois de 2014, enquanto mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito diminuíram. Além disto, estas tendências foram exacerbadas no Norte e no Nordeste e em municípios no quintil mais pobre em termos de Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). As políticas de austeridade que se seguiram à crise econômica brasileira podem ter influenciado a tendência de mortalidade por causas externas, com um possível maior impacto no Norte e no Nordeste e em municípios menos desenvolvidos.

The association between adolescent suicide rates and socioeconomic indicators in Brazil: a 10-year retrospective ecological study

Objective: To examine suicide rates among adolescents from six large cities in Brazil and to analyze the relationship between adolescent suicide rates and socioeconomic indicators between 2006 and 2015. Methods: Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess the impact of socioeconomic factors - including social inequality and unemployment rates - on adolescent suicide rates. Results: The rate of adolescent suicide increased by 24% over the course of the study period. Social inequality (assessed using the Gini index), was positively associated with overall adolescent suicide rates (β = 10.68; 95%CI = 2.32-19.05; p ≤ 0.012). After disaggregating the findings by age (10-14 and 15-19 years), social inequality was associated with suicide rate only for adolescents aged 15-19 years (β = 9.63; 95%CI = 2.31-16.96; p ≤ 0.005). Disaggregating these findings by sex, the association with economic variables became significant only among females. Males had a higher overall suicide rate than females, and the highest rate was observed in male adolescents aged 15-19 years. Higher levels of unemployment were associated with higher suicide rates. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that socioeconomic indicators, particularly unemployment and social inequality, are relevant social determinants of suicide in adolescence.

Trends in suicide rates in Brazil from 1997 to 2015

Objectives: To analyze time trends of suicide rates in Brazil overall and in Brazilian states and compare the estimated suicide rates projected for 2020 with the World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health Action Plan target. Methods: This was an ecological time-series study from 1997 to 2015, stratified by Brazilian states, specific age groups, and sex. Data were obtained from the Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade [SIM]) of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Polynomial regression models were used to analyze the trends in suicide rates and to project suicide rates for 2020. Results: Considering 224 units of analysis, 21 (9.4%) showed a decreasing trend, 108 (48.2%) were stable, and 95 (42.4%) showed an increasing trend. Thus, 67% of units of analysis will not meet the WHO target in 2020. Mean suicide rates were higher in males than in females. People aged 60 years and older presented the highest suicide rates, while 84.7% of total deaths by suicide occurred among 15-to-59-year-olds. Conclusion: Overall, 90.6% of units of analysis had a stable or increasing trend in suicide rates from 1997 to 2015. If these trends remain, most of Brazil will fail to achieve the WHO-recommended reduction in suicide rates by 2020.

Sobre el suicidio En tiempos de Ciberespacio / Em suicídio em Ciberespaço / On suicide in Cyberspace

Si se busca, en la literatura se pueden encontrar referencias a la muerte y el suicidio en diferentes tiempos, culturas y geografías, reflejando la opinión y actitudes que se tenían acerca de él. De esta manera se pueden encontrar referencias en Japón con los samuráis que tenían por costumbre escribir los poemas conocidos como yuigonantes de practicarse el seppuku como una forma de despedirse manteniendo su honor, expiar una culpa o como forma de protesta por una decisión injusta(1).

Se procuradas, referências à morte e ao suicídio podem ser encontradas na literatura em diferentes épocas, culturas e geografias, refletindo a opinião e as atitudes que foram tomadas a seu respeito. Assim, referências podem ser encontradas no Japão com theamurai que costumavam escrever os poemas conhecidos como yuigonantes da prática de seppuku como uma forma de despedir-se mantendo a honra, expiar uma falta ou como uma forma de protesto por uma decisão injusta(1).

If searched for, references to death and suicide can be found in the literature at different times, cultures and geographies, reflecting the opinion and attitudes that were held about it. Thus, references can be found in Japan with theamurai who used to write the poems known as yuigonantes of practicing seppuku as a way of saying goodbye while maintaining their honor, atoning for a fault, or as a form of protest for an unjust decision(1).

Spatial analysis and temporal trends of suicide mortality in Sergipe, Brazil, 2000-2015 / Análise espacial e tendência temporal da mortalidade por suicídio em Sergipe, Brasil, 2000-2015

Abstract Background The World Health Organization defines suicide as the act of deliberately killing oneself. It is the second leading cause of death among 15-29 year olds globally. Objective To analyze the epidemiological profile and the spatial distribution of suicide deaths in the state of Sergipe. Methods We performed an ecological time-series study with data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade - SIM) about deaths by suicide occurring between 2000 and 2015. We considered as suicide deaths cases recorded as voluntary self-inflicted injuries. Suicide rates were estimated and age-adjusted in the population above 9 years. We analyzed temporal trends by sex and age groups using the simple linear regression model. For the spatial analysis, we performed Kernel density estimation with the software TerraView version 4.2.2. Results We identified 1,560 suicide cases in the state of Sergipe between 2000 and 2015, with a mean of 97.5 cases per year. We also observed that suicide rates in the state increased 102.3% (from 2.69/100,000 population in 2000 to 5.44 in 2015). Suicides occurred predominantly among males (1,160 cases; 74.35%), single people (1,010 cases; 64.7%), and brown-skinned people (1,039 cases; 66.6%). We observed significantly growing temporal trends in the general population, especially among male adults. Spatial analysis allowed us to draw a map that showed the regions with the highest occurrence of suicide. Conclusion We observed growing suicide trends in the state of Sergipe and the spatial analysis was an important tool that showed the areas with higher incidences of suicide.

Resumo Introduçao A Organização Mundial da Saúde define o suicídio como o ato de se matar deliberadamente. É a segunda principal causa de morte entre jovens de 15 a 29 anos no mundo. Objetivo Analisar o perfil epidemiológico e a distribuição espacial dos óbitos por suicídio no estado de Sergipe. Métodos Foi realizado estudo ecológico e de série temporal com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) dos óbitos por suicídio ocorridos entre 2000 e 2015. Foram considerados suicídio os casos de mortes registrados como lesões voluntárias autoinfligidas. As taxas de suicídio foram estimadas e ajustadas por idade na população acima de 9 anos. Foram analisadas as tendências temporais por sexo e grupos etários usando o modelo de regressão linear simples. Para a análise espacial, foi realizada a estimativa de Kernel com o software TerraView 4.2.2. Resultados Foram identificados 1.560 casos de suicídio no estado de Sergipe entre 2000 e 2015, com média de 97,5 casos por ano. Observou-se um aumento de 102,3% das taxas de suicídio no estado (de 2,69/100.000 habitantes em 2000 para 5,44 em 2015). Os suicídios ocorreram predominantemente no sexo masculino (1.160 casos; 74,35%), em solteiros (1.010 casos; 64,7%) e pardos (1.039 casos; 66,6%). Foram observadas tendências temporais crescentes na população geral, especialmente entre adultos do sexo masculino. A análise espacial permitiu a construção de mapas exibindo as regiões com maiores concentrações de suicídio. Conclusão Observaram-se tendências crescentes de suicídio no estado de Sergipe e a análise espacial foi uma importante ferramenta ao mostrar áreas com maiores incidências de suicídio.

Suicídio, cultura e trabalho em município de colonização alemã no sul do Brasil / Suicide, culture and work in a German-colonized municipality in the South of Brazil / Suicidio, cultura y trabajo en un municipio de colonización alemana en el sur del Brasil

O suicídio é um problema de saúde pública de magnitude elevada e ascendente. No Brasil, o Rio Grande do Sul tem apresentado, historicamente, altas taxas de mortalidade, sobretudo em regiões colonizadas por alemães. Este é um estudo de caso social, cujas informações foram produzidas com base em narrativas de 14 informantes-chave, pertencentes aos campos da saúde, agricultura, justiça, segurança pública, comunicação social e educação. Os determinantes atribuídos pelos informantes ao suicídio incluíram: a cultura germânica, a ética protestante e o sofrimento no trabalho que afeta agricultores que trabalham com o fumo em regime de pequena propriedade familiar. As reflexões dos entrevistados apontam para o suicídio como um recurso usado na cultura desses descendentes de alemães para enfrentar as dificuldades, cuja frequência se manteve com a introdução do capitalismo no campo e com a subordinação dos agricultores à indústria fumageira.(AU)

Suicide is a serious public health issue with increasing rates. The state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, has a history of high mortality rates, mainly in regions colonized by German populations. The present investigation is a social case study, whose information was obtained through narratives of 14 informers from the health, agriculture, justice, public safety, social communication and education fields. The decisive factors for suicide reported by the informers were the German culture, protestant ethics and suffering at work, which affects family farmers who grow tobacco. The reflections of the interviewees point to suicide as a resource used in the culture of people who descend from German populations to cope with difficulties, which persists as a consequence of the introduction of capitalism in the countryside and the subordination of producers to the tobacco industry.(AU)

El suicidio es un problema de salud pública de magnitud elevada y ascendiente. En Brasil, el Estado de Rio Grande do Sul ha presentado históricamente grandes tasas de mortalidad, principalmente en regiones colonizadas por alemanes. Este es un estudio de caso social, cuyas informaciones se produjeron con base en narrativas de 14 informantes clave, pertenecientes a los campos de: salud, agricultura, justicia, seguridad pública, comunicación social y educación. Los factores determinantes atribuidos por los informantes al suicidio incluyeron: la cultura germánica, la ética protestante y el sufrimiento en el trabajo que afecta a los agricultores que trabajan con el tabaco en régimen de pequeña propiedad familiar. Las reflexiones de los entrevistados señalan el suicidio como un recurso utilizado en la cultura de esos descendientes de alemanes para enfrentar las dificultades, cuya frecuencia se mantuvo con la introducción del capitalismo en el campo y con la subordinación de los agricultores a la industria del tabaco.(AU)

Mental status and suicide probability of young people: A cross-sectional study

Summary Objective: The most important determinant of suicide ideation, tendency and initiative is the presence of mental disorders. Since the number of those who lost their lives due to suicide in the world rose rapidly among the young population, the World Health Organization emphasizes the importance of assessing young people in the high-risk age group to prevent suicidal behavior. This study aimed to determine psychological symptom levels and suicide probability in young people. Method: The cross-sectional research consisted of 15-24 year-old individuals (N=348), who have sought a psychiatric clinic between February and June, 2015. The Research Data was collected by applying Data Collection Form, Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). SPSS 22.0 statistical package program was used for data analysis. Results: There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the mean SPS scores according to education, psychiatric treatment, self-harm, smoking and drinking status of the participants in the study. Apart from this, there was also a statistically significant correlation between anxiety, depression, negative self and hostility according to the SPS and BSI subscales (p<0.001, r=0.739; p<0.001, r=0.729; p<0.001, r=0.747; p<0.001, r=0.715; respectively). Conclusion: The results of our study show that suicide risk is significantly higher in young people with depression, anxiety, negative self-perception and hostility symptoms. In this regard, we suggest the relevance of assessing the suicide risk of young people seeking a psychiatric clinic, with thorough attention to those who have high potential for suicide.

Analysis of suicide mortality in Brazil: spatial distribution and socioeconomic context

Objective: To perform a spatial analysis of suicide mortality and its correlation with socioeconomic indicators in Brazilian municipalities. Methods: This is an ecological study with Brazilian municipalities as a unit of analysis. Data on deaths from suicide and contextual variables were analyzed. The spatial distribution, intensity and significance of the clusters were analyzed with the global Moran index, MoranMap and local indicators of spatial association (LISA), seeking to identify patterns through geostatistical analysis. Results: A total of 50,664 deaths from suicide were registered in Brazil between 2010 and 2014. The average suicide mortality rate in Brazil was 5.23/100,000 population. The Brazilian municipalities presenting the highest rates were Taipas do Tocantins, state of Tocantins (79.68 deaths per 100,000 population), Itaporã, state of Mato Grosso do Sul (75.15 deaths per 100,000 population), Mampituba, state of Rio Grande do Sul (52.98 deaths per 100,000 population), Paranhos, state of Mato Grosso do Sul (52.41 deaths per 100,000 population), and Monjolos, state of Minas Gerais (52.08 deaths per 100,000 population). Although weak spatial autocorrelation was observed for suicide mortality (I = 0.2608), there was a formation of clusters in the South. In the bivariate spatial and classical analysis, no correlation was observed between suicide mortality and contextual variables. Conclusion: Suicide mortality in Brazil presents a weak spatial correlation and low or no spatial relationship with socioeconomic factors.

Suicide in Brazilian indigenous communities: clustering of cases in children and adolescents by household

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate age and sex-specific suicide rates, compare suicide rates between indigenous communities, and quantify the frequency of intrafamilial suicide clustering. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study involving 14,666 indigenous individuals in reservations in Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from 2003 through 2013 using national and local census. RESULTS The overall suicide rate was 73.4 per 100,000 person-years. Adolescent males aged 15-19 and girls aged 10-14 had the highest rates for each sex at 289.3 (95%CI 187.5-391.2) and 85.3 (95%CI 34.9-135.7), respectively. Comparing the largest reservations, Bororo had a higher suicide rate than Jaguapiru (RR = 4.83, 95%CI 2.85-8.16) and had significantly lower socioeconomic indicators including income and access to electricity. Nine of 19 suicides among children under 15 occurred in household clusters. Compared with adult suicides, a greater proportion of child (OR = 5.12, 95%CI 1.89-13.86, p = 0.001) and adolescent (OR = 3.48, 95%CI 1.29-9.44, p = 0.017) suicides occurred within household clusters. CONCLUSIONS High rates of suicide occur among children and adolescents in these indigenous reservations, particularly in poor communities. Nearly half of child suicides occur within household clusters. These findings underscore the need for broad public health interventions and focused mental health interventions in households following a suicide.